Public Works Inspectors’ Manual

FOREWORD, 3
      Editor's Note, 5
      About the Author, 6

PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION, PAGES 15-88

1-1 Introduction To Public Works Construction Inspection, 15
1-1.1 General, 15
1-1.2 Legal Aspects of Construction Inspection, 16
1-1.3 Characteristics and Training of the Inspector, 16
1-1.4 Project Inspection Guidelines, 28
1-1.4.1 General, 28
1-1.4.2 Project Inspector's General Checklist, 28,
1-2 Inspection Policy, 30
1-2.1 General, 30
1-2.2 Relations with the Contractor, 31
1-2.3 Relations with Other Agencies, 32
1-2.4 The Inspector's Public Image, 32
1-2.5 Public Information, 33
1-2.5.1 General, 33
1-2.5.2 Public Speaking, 33
1-2.5.3 Writing for Publication, 33
1-2.6 Jobsite Communications and Instructions, 33
1-2.6.1 General, 33
1-2.6.2 Verbal Instructions, 33
1-2.6.3 Job Memorandums, 34
1-2.6.4 Notice of Non-Compliance, 34
1.3 Records And Reports, 34
1-3.1 General, 34
1-3.2 Job Reporting Procedure, 35
1-3.3 Job Reporting Checklist, 36
1-3.4 Surface and Grading Project Reporting, 38
1-3.5 Sewer and Storm Drain Project Reporting, 40
1-3.6 Street Lighting and Traffic Signal Project Reporting, 41
1-3.7 Contract Time Reporting, 41
1-3.8 Progress Payment Reporting, 42
1-3.8.1 General, 42
1-3.8.2 Cost Plus Change Orders, 42
1-3.8.3 Cost Breakdown, Lump Sum Projects
(Or Bid Items), 46
1-4 Safety And Convenience, 48
1-4.1 General, 48
1-4.2 Agency Personnel Safety, 49
1-4.2.1 General, 49
1-4.2.2 Safety Rules For Inspectors, 49
  1-4.2.3 Inspector's Protective Equipment, 52
1-4.3 Construction Operations Safety, 53
1-4.3.1 General, 53
1-4.3.2 Construction Safety Enforcement, 54
1-4.3.3 Excavation And Trenches, 55
1-4.3.4 Tunnels, Pipelines And Confined Spaces, 57
1-4.3.5 Explosives, 58
1-4.3.6 Accident Reporting, 58
1-4.3.7 Jobsite Maintenance, 56
1-4.3.8 Hazardous Materials, 59
1-4.3.9 Hazardous Waste, 60
1-4.4 Traffic Safety And Convenience, 61
1-4.4.1 General, 61
1-4.4.2 Street Closures, 62
1-4.4.3 Barricades And Striping, 63
1-4.4.4 Temporary "No Parking, 63
1-4.4.5 Traffic Emergency Service, 63
1-5 Construction Survey Staking, 63
1-5.1 General, 63
1-5.2 Survey Service Requests, 64
1-5.3 Earthwork Stakes, 65
1-5.4 Street Improvement Stakes, 65
1-5.5 Pipelines, Utilities And Other Substructure Staking, 68
1-5.6 Bridges, Buildings And Retaining Walls, 70
1-6 Preservation Of Improvements And Utilities, 72
1-6.1 General, 72
1-6.2 Encroachment And Salvage, 73
1-6.3 Utility Protection And Relocation, 74
1-6.4 Substructure Interference Reporting, 75
1-6.5 Protection And Use Of Sewers And Storm Drains, 75
1-7 Waivers And Disclaimers, 76
1-7.1 General, 76
1-8 Differing Site Conditions, 77
1-8.1 General, 77
1-9 Project Delays, 78
1-9.1 General, 78
1-10 Suspension Of The Work, 79
1-10.1 General, 79
1-10.2 Constructive Suspension Of The Work, 79
1-11 Claims And Disputes, 79
1-12 Construction Scheduling, 81
1-12.1 General, 81
1-12.2 Initial Schedule Development, 82
1-12.3 Bar Charts, 83
1-12.4 Critical Path Method Of Scheduling (CPM), 84
1-13 Constructive Changes In The Work, 87
1-14 Constructive Acceleration, 86
1-15 Constructive Suspension Of The Work, 88

PART 2 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
  MATERIALS CONTROL PROCEDURES,
  PAGES 89-224

2-1 General, 89
2-1.1 Off Site Materials Control, 89
2-1.2 Shop Fabrication, 90
2-1.2.1 General, 90
2-1.2.2 Acceptance of Standard Materials, 91
2-1.2.3 Materials Not Locally Produced Which
Must Be Inspected, 91
2-1.2.4 Materials Fabricated Locally, 91
2-1.2.5 Sampling and Materials Certification, 91
2-1.2.6 Coordination of Shop Inspection, 92
2-1.2.7 Evidence of Shop Fabrication Inspection, 92
2-1.2.8 Reports, 93
2-1.3 Sampling and Testing, 93
2-1.3.1 General, 93
2-1.3.2 Representative Sampling, 94
2-1.3.3 Proper Method of Sampling, 94
2-1.3.4 Sample Identification, 95
2-1.3.5 Packaging and Protection of Samples, 96
2-1.3.6 Processing of Samples, 96
2-1.3.7 Test Results, 96
2-2 Aggregates, 96
2-2.1 General, 96
2-2.2 Sand, 97
2-2.3 Rock, 99
2-2.4 Special Purpose Aggregates, 100
2-2.5 Alkali-Reactive Aggregates, 100
2-3 Untreated Roadway Base Material, 101
2-3.1 General, 101
2-3.2 Crushed Aggregate Base (CAB), 101
2-3.3 Crushed Slag Base (CSB), 102
2-3.4 Crushed Miscellaneous Base, 102
2-3.5 Processed Miscellaneous Base (PMB), 102
2-3.6 Select Subbase (SSB), 103
2-4 Portland Cement Concrete And Related Products, 103
2-4.1 General, 103
2-4.2 Portland Cememt, 104
2-4.2.1 General, 104
2-4.2.2 Type I Cement (Normal Portland Cement), 105
2-4.2.3 Type II Cement (Moderate Sulfate Action and
Moderate Heat of Hydration), 105
2-4.2.4 Type III Cement (High Early Strength), 105
2-4.2.5 Type IV Cement (Low Heat of Hydration), 105
2-4.2.6 Type V Cement (High Sulfate Resistant), 106
2-4.2.7 Special Cements, 106
2-4.2.8 Cement Samples, 106
2-4.3 Admixtures, 107
2-4.3.1 General, 107
2-4.3.2 Accelerators, 107
2-4.3.3 Retarders, 108
2-4.3.4 Plasticizers, 108
2-4.3.5 Air-Entraining Agents, 108
2-4.3.6 Dispersing Agents, 109
2-4.3.7 Pozzolanic Materials, 109
2-4.4 Concrete Mixtures, 111
2-4.4.1 General, 111
2-4.4.2 Concrete Mixtures Specified by Class, 111
2-4.4.3 Sampling Fresh Concrete, 114
2-4.5 Concrete Proportioning Plant Inspection, 116
2-4.5.1 General, 116
2-4.5.2 Field Laboratory, 116
2-4.5.3 Field Communication Procedure, 117
2-4.5.4 Plant Equipment, 117
2-4.5.5 Plant Approval Procedure, 118
2-4.5.6 Types of Concrete Mixers, 118
2-4.5.7 Fundamentals of Mix Design, 121
2-4.5.8 Determining Concrete Mix Batch Weights, 123
2-4.5.9 Sampling and Testing, 127
2-4.5.10 Daily Reports, 127
2-4.5.11 Inspector's Check List, 127
2-4.6 Mortar and Grout, 131
   2-4.7 Concrete Curing Compounds, 131
2-4.7.1 General, 131
2-4.7.2 Clear Curing Compounds (Paraffin Base), 132
2-4.7.3 Black Curing Compounds, 132
2-4.7.4 White and Light Gray Pigmented Curing
Compounds, 132
2-4.8 Steel Reinforcement for Concrete, 133
2-4.8.1 Bars, 133
2-4.8.2 Welded Steel Wire Fabric, 134
2-4.8.3 Prestressing Rod, Strand and Wire, 134
2-4.8.4 Bar Supports for Reinforcements, 135
2-4.9 Miscellaneous Concrete Related Products, 135
2-4.9.1 General, 135
2-4.9.2 Concrete Joint Material, 135
2-4.9.3 Waterstops, 136
2-4.9.4 Membrane Waterproofing Materials, 137
2-5 Asphalt Paving Materials, 137
2-5.1 General, 137
2-5.2 Paving Grade Asphalts, 138
2-5.3 Liquid Asphalts, 138
2-5.4 Asphaltic Emulsions, 139
2-5.5 Asphalt Usage Guidelines, 140
2-5.6 Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures, 143
2-5.7 Asphalt-Rubber, 144
2-5.7.1 General, 144
2-5.7.2 Pavement Preparation, 144
2-5.7.3 Materials, 145
2-5.7.4 Application, 145
2-6 Asphalt Plant Inspection, 146
2-6.1 General, 146
2-6.2 Field Communication Procedure, 146
2-6.3 Plant Equipment and Operation, 148
2-6.3.1 General, 148
2-6.3.2 Field Laboratory, 148
2-6.3.3 Cold Aggregate Storage, 149
2-6.3.4 Cold Feed, 149
2-6.3.5 Drying Aggregates, 151
2-6.3.6 Dust Collection System, 152
2-6.3.7 Smog and Air Pollution Control, 153
2-6.3.8 Classifying Screens, 153
2-6.3.9 Hot Aggregate Sins, 154
2-6.3.10 The Weigh Hopper, 155
2-6.3.11 Asphalt Weigh-Bucket, 155
2-6.3.12 The Pugmill Timer, 156
2-6.3.13 Mixing, 156
2-6.3.14 Job Mix Formula, 157
2-6.3.15 Asphalt Content, 165
2-6.3.16 Plant "Troubleshooting," 165
2-6.4 Procedures on Tonnage Contracts, 168
2-6.5 Plant Inspection Waived, 168
2-6.6 Daily Reports, 468
2-6.7 Sampling and Testing, 168
2-6.8 Inspector's Check List, 170
2-7 Pipe, 171
2-7.1 Clay Pipe, 171
2-7.2 Concrete Pipe, 172
   2-7.3 Concrete Cylinder Pipe, 175
2-7.4 Reinforced Concrete Pipe Shop Inspection, 175
2-7.4.1 General, 175
2-7.4.2 Definition of Terms, 176
2-7.4.3 Plans and Drawings, 177
2-7.4.4 Steel Reinforcement, 178
2-7.4.5 Concrete For Manufactured Pipe, 179
2-7.4.6 Curing and Handling, 180
2-7.4.7 Joints, 181
2-7.4.8 Defects and Repair, 181
2-7.4.9 Marking Pipe for Identification, 181
2-7.4.10 Pipe from Stock, 183
2-7.4.11 Mitered Pipe, 183
2-7.4.12 Sampling and Testing, 185
2-7.4.13 Records and Reports, 185
2-7.4.14 Inspector's Check List, 186
2-7.5 Asbestos Pipe, 187
2-7.6 Cast Iron and Ductile Iran Pipe, 187
2-7.7 Corrugated Metal Pipe, 187
2-7.8 Plastic Pipe and Conduit, 189
2-8 Metals, 189
2-8.1 General, 189
2-8.2 Metal Castings, 189
2-8.2.1 Cast Iron, 189
2-8.2.2 Cast Steel, 190
2-8.2.3 Cast Aluminum, 191
2-8.3 Wrought Iron, 191
2-8.4 Steel, 191
2-8.4.1 General, 191
2-8.4.2 Structural Steel, 192
2-8.4.3 Stainless Steel, 192
2-8.4.4 Processes for Making Steel, 193
2-8.5 Bronze, 194
2-6.6 Aluminum, 194
2-8.7 Chain Link Fence, 194
2-8.8 Bolts, Nuts, Washers and Rod, 195
2-8.9 Electrical Products, 195
2-8.9.1 Electrical Wire, 195
2-8.9.2 Conduit, 197
2-8.10 Wire Rope, 198
2-9 Metal Related Processes, 199
2-9.1 Galvanizing (Zinc Coatings), 199
2-9.1.1 General, 199
2-9.1.2 Hot Dip Process, 199
2-9.1.3 Electrolytic or Zinc Plating Process, 201
2.9.1.4 Sheradizing Process, 201
2-9.1.5 Metallic Spraying Process, 201
2-9.1.6 Repairing Galvanized Surfaces, 201
2-9.2 Welding Processes and Material, 202
2-9.2.1 General, 202
2-9.2.2 Types of Joints, 203
2-9.2.3 Polarity, 203
2-9.2.4 Classification of Electrodes, 203
2-9.2.5 Welding Symbols, 204
2-9.3 Heat-Treatment of Metals, 204
2-9.3.1 General, 204
2-9.3.2 Annealing, 204
2-9.3.3 Hardening, 205
2-9.3.4 Tempering, 205
2-9.3.5 Case Hardening, 205
2-9.4 Metal Fabrication inspection, 205
2-9.4.1 General, 205
2-10 Timber, 206
2-10.1 General, 206
2-10.2 Standard Dimensions, 207
2-10.3 Grading, 207
2-10.4 Grade Stamps, 209
2-10.5 Moisture Content, 209
2-10.6 Redwood, 209
2-10.7 Methods of Mill Sawing Lumber, 211
2-10.8 Glossary of Lumber Terms, 211
2-10.9 Plywood, 212
2-10.10 Timber Piles, 212
2-10.11 Preservative Treatment, 212
2-10.11.1 Creosote, 213
2-10.11.2 Chromated Zinc Chloride, 214

PART 3 - CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND
  INSPECTION PROCEDURES, PAGES 225-535

PART 4 - PREVIEW, FINAL INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE,
PAGES 536-562

APPENDIX TABLE OF PLATES, 563

INDEX, 695